Tag Archives: Steven Karpman

Our Social Roles – Which Are Yours?

How often do you stop to reflect on your place in the world and the social roles you play out on this stage? If you are like most, it’s not that often. You may follow the adage, “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” This approach is in direct contrast to the Socratic dictum that “the unexamined life is not worth living” and his admonition to “know thyself.” Here, we find an example of contradictory advice, which I propose is a direct result of our living in a paradoxical world. As we discover in other writings on this site, we don’t need to be paralyzed by such situations. Instead, we can adopt a middle ground between the two opposing positions, in exploring not only how these social roles limit us, but also considering other available options.

Getting to Know Thyself

In  exploring our usual styles of relating to others, it is important to remember that we are not the roles that we assume, even if we play them rather frequently or habitually. We may find that we alternate between various roles according to the circumstances in which we find ourselves. Still, we do “volunteer” for certain roles because they fulfill our particular wants and needs. Many of these roles evolve out of how we resolve various paradoxes of life for ourselves (e.g., order vs. freedom, belonging vs. individuality, security vs. excitement, being vs. becoming, and using vs. relating). It is quite unlikely that we have come to a deliberate choice out of our contemplating these paradoxes and the meaning of life. Rather, the resolution is usually implied in how we interact with others. And even if these roles were a product of conscious choice, we have likely practiced them sufficiently that they have become a matter of habit, with our no longer being aware of them. They then operate as implicit assumptions, acting behind the scenes to guide our interactions with others. As long as these assumptions go unstated, they are quite difficult to challenge. Only when we identify them, do we consider that there are other options. Tagging these “ways of being in the world” with labels gives us the focus to assess their usefulness and to consider other available options.

Social Roles – How to Define Them?

There is nothing magical or absolute about the labels and definitions for these social roles. It is more a matter of creating them, rather than discovering them. Just as we can cut a cake into different numbers of pieces of different shapes and sizes, so too can we construct the various roles from the array of attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that we experience and express. Even with this arbitrary quality, these labels provide useful “handles” for understanding ourselves. You will find that various therapists, counselors, life coaches, and self-anointed gurus differ widely in labeling and defining the common personality styles and roles. This is not haphazard. Rather, these categories are outgrowths of their perspectives on life. So, too, is it with my outlook. In particular, I make note of the differing styles we adopt and practice in wading through the “messiness” of living in a paradoxical universe. Furthermore, these roles do not occur in isolation – rather, they get expressed in our social relations. These habitual roles interact with others’ styles, often resulting in getting stuck in frustrating relationship patterns, which I have addressed as vicious cycles. Having labels and descriptions for these can help one escape from such ruts. While these labels can be a quite useful shorthand to describe common patterns, we should keep in mind that they are not things in and of themselves. Here, we want to keep in mind Alfred Korzybski’s adage, “Don’t confuse the map with the territory.”

Social Roles as Styles of Dealing with Life’s Paradoxes

In this approach, we will be defining our social roles in functional terms, according to the particular purpose toward which we are applying them. First, we define these roles according to varying tendencies for resolving life’s paradoxes: Do we seek out order and predictability, or do we reserve the freedom of keeping our options open? Do we prefer comfort and security, or do we pursue adventure and excitement? Do we live in the moment, appreciating things as they are, or do we focus on pursuing goals for improvement and fulfilling a purpose? Do we approach life and relationships in a practical sense of working together to achieve specific goals, or do we focus on relating to one another on a deeper emotional level? Do we collaborate openly with others by “laying one’s cards face up on the table,” or do we pursue our private agenda in “keeping our cards close to our vest”? Do we seek out a sense of belonging with others, or do we pursue our unique identity, “marching to the beat of a different drummer”? All of these questions tap into the paradoxes of life, for which there are no “one-size-fits-all” answers. Of course, these dualities are not forced choices between two extremes, but are two ends of a continuum, with the more adaptive approaches lying somewhere in the middle, as I discussed in my article, Muddling down a Middle Path: Wading through the Messiness of Life.

Getting Stuck in Vicious Cycle Roles

These paradoxes that shape our lives are no mere matter of philosophical debate. They get played out on the social stage on a daily basis. We find others to play out the scenes with roles that complement our own – though often not in a good way. Over time, these patterns become habitual, with little thought given to them, and even less consideration to what we can do differently. Thus, we get stuck in ruts which often bring out the worst in us, as I have discussed in my article, Vicious Cycle Patterns in Relationships 2.0.

drama-triangle

Other posts involve exploring specific roles that have evolved out of my study of styles of resolving paradoxes and how these styles interact in vicious cycle patterns. Two such posts, Escaping the Victim Role and Caretaker Burnout and Compassion Fatigue, discuss specific unhealthy roles in vicious cycles and provide suggestions for breaking free from them. Future posts are in the works for transcending the Oppressor and the Rebel roles. Note that the goal of such projects is not to eliminate these roles, but to modify them to  healthier versions. By offering adaptive solutions to problems and conflicts, the constructive versions allow us to venture beyond the vicious cycles and move on to other activities and social roles. The strategies and techniques specific to each social role supplement the more general tips given for escaping vicious cycle patterns, which were outlined in the Vicious Cycle article noted above.

Clusters of Related Social Roles

As I noted before, there is nothing absolute about these patterns, and thus we might look at clusters of patterns that function in much the same manner in vicious cycles. One such grouping, which I label the Oppressor cluster, encompasses the Critic, Perfectionist, Snoop, Bully, and Authoritarian roles. These represent variations on the Persecutor role identified by Steven Karpman, cited in the book, Games Alcoholics Play, by Claude Steiner. Another grouping, which I refer to as the Victim cluster, encompasses the Victim, Dependent, People Pleaser, and Martyr roles, which are versions of the Victim role in Karpman’s model. I also have identified the Rebel cluster as a variant of the Victim cluster, which encompasses the Individualist, Libertarian, Free Spirit, and Sneak social roles. I have adopted the Rescuer role in Karpman’s model as the foundation of another cluster, which also includes the Caretaker and Enabler roles. These clusters tend to complement one another in two-role and three-role vicious cycles, with Karpman’s Persecutor – Victim – Rescuer model serving as the prototype. (For a cultural and political application of this model, see my article, Vicious Cycle Roles on the Societal and Political Level.)

[whohit]the roles we assume – which ones do you play?[/whohit]

Vicious Cycle Roles on the Societal and Political Level

drama-triangle

The vicious cycle patterns addressed in previous articles get played out not only in personal relationships, but also on the societal and political level. Below is a table identifying key characteristics of the Drama Triangle, first described by Steven Karpman and cited in the book, Games Alcoholics Play, by Claude Steiner. In this pattern, the participants assume three different roles that interact with each other to produce an impasse or gridlock, with each group experiencing mounting frustration. (While it is quite common for participants to alternate between roles, there is also a natural tendency for people to gravitate toward the particular roles that best suit their values and personality styles.) If we apply this vicious cycle model to our Congress, it may help us to appreciate the dynamic process of spinning one’s wheels and going nowhere.

[ezcol_1quarter]Descriptive Labels[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter]Persecutor, Critic, Enforcer, Bully[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter]Victim, Rebel, Free Spirit[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter_end]Rescuer, Enabler, Caretaker[/ezcol_1quarter_end]

[ezcol_1quarter]Political Counterpart[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter]Law & Order Conservative[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter]Libertarian[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter_end]Bleeding Heart Liberal[/ezcol_1quarter_end]

[ezcol_1quarter]Prevailing Values[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter]Order, Security, Conformity[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter]Freedom, Individuality[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter_end]Compassion, The Common Good[/ezcol_1quarter_end]

[ezcol_1quarter]Functions of the  Role[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter]Maintaining the status quo, preserving order and security, reducing the sense of threat[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter]Enjoying life, maximizing pleasure and minimizing distress, expressing oneself fully[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter_end]Achieving a sense of worth through helping others who can’t help themselves[/ezcol_1quarter_end]

[ezcol_1quarter]Implicit Basic Assumptions[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter]Rebels threaten the basic values of our society, and they must be dealt with through force and coercion[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter]Enforcers are the enemy bent on oppression, and I am not strong or skillful enough to deal with them directly and effectively[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter_end]Victims are too weak or helpless to take care of their own problems and conflicts, and they need my help[/ezcol_1quarter_end]

[ezcol_1quarter]Typical Roles[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter]Blaming, judging, criticizing and punishing Rebels for crimes, mistakes, transgressions, shortcoming, and wrongdoings; Criticizing liberals for coddling and inducing unhealthy dependency[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter]Complaining of unfair treatment and harassment, avoiding the Enforcers, seeking immediate relief and rescue by Enablers, escaping and numbing through substances[/ezcol_1quarter] [ezcol_1quarter_end]Criticizing Enforcers for harshness and insensitivity toward Victims, providing relief for Victims and advocating for them, including helping them escape the natural consequences of  their actions[/ezcol_1quarter_end]

[whohit]vicious cycle roles on the societal and political level[/whohit]

Vicious Cycle Patterns in Relationships 1.0

The following is an article that I wrote about twenty years ago, yet my message is much the same now, though I have elaborated on it and integrated it with other themes, particularly the explorations of relationships as organic systems, rather than in terms of simple cause-and-effect relationships.  The Beetle Bailey comic strip by Mort Walker that I cite is from October 6, 1991, and it continues to be a timeless pattern.

THE CRITIC – VICTIM/REBEL – RESCUER CYCLE

drama-triangle

Adapted from the Persecutor-Victim-Rescuer Cycle, by Stephen Karpman, from the book, Games Alcohols Play, by Claude Steiner (1971)

VICIOUS CYCLES IN RELATIONSHIPS

AND TIPS ON HOW TO STOP SPINNING YOUR WHEELS

By Bob Daniel, Ph.D.

Tidewater Psychotherapy Services

How often have you found yourself caught up in a struggle with a spouse, friend, or other significant person, and the harder you try to resolve the problem, the worse the situation becomes?  And despite realizing this, you are compelled to keep trying the same approach, only harder?  Chances are that your partner in this struggle is experiencing a similar frustration and compulsion, though from a quite different perspective.  These features define the basic vicious cycle pattern of interaction.

 An example will illustrate this phenomenon.  In a “Beetle Bailey” comic strip a while back, General Halftrack’s wife scornfully predicts that he will stop off to have several drinks before returning home after golf.  He becomes sullen and indignant at her insinuation of his lack of self-discipline.  So how does he cope with his distress?  That’s right – he finds solace at his favorite bar.  We can further assume that Mrs. Halftrack will continue to address her loneliness by nagging him even more for his drinking and absences.  Though each spouse has a legitimate need – the wife’s wish for companionship and the husband’s desire for respect and confidence in him – each is responding in a manner that practically negates those possibilities.

 ADDICTION AND CODEPENDENCY

This pattern is one of many profiled in the current literature on addictive and codependent behavior.  Whatever the outlet – alcohol, drugs, pornography, gambling, food, compulsive shopping, etc. – the addiction offers the addict an escape from the codependent’s demands and provides an impersonal mode of tension relief.  This in turn enables the codependent partner to deflect attention away from his or her own inner pain and to focus on the partner’s addictive behavior.  The codependent then typically engages in a campaign of complaining, pleading, bribing, blaming, demanding, threatening, and withholding in order to correct and control the partner’s behavior.  As we saw in the case of the Halftracks, this only serves to perpetuate the problem.

 CRITIC – VICTIM – RESCUER TRIANGLES

The addiction-codependency pattern is only one version of the vicious cycle.  Other cycles may involve a third person, with each participant assuming a specialized role.  Such is the case with the critic-victim-rescuer cycle.  In this pattern the critic blames and punishes the victim, typically for some inadequacy or weakness.  The victim feels hurt, rejected, and fearful. Rather than confront the critic, the victim seeks solace from the rescuer, who identifies with the victim’s pain and assumes a protective posture.  The rescuer implicitly condones the victim’s retreat by interceding with the critic for patience and understanding for the victim.  A frequent implication of this message is that the critic has been cruel and insensitive.  The critic feels rejected and alienated by the victim-rescuer alliance and expresses this by blaming the rescuer for coddling the victim and by again criticizing and punishing the victim at the next instance of weakness, thus starting the cycle over.  These interactions serve to accentuate the roles of the participants:  critic as punitive outcast, victim as helpless dependent, and rescuer as self-sacrificing martyr.  These amplified roles in turn strengthen the vicious cycle.

 FAMILY TRIANGLES

Families are perhaps the prevalent setting for this triangular cycle, and families with rigidly defined roles are often the most susceptible.  In our culture the father commonly serves as disciplinarian, while the mother often provides protection and support.  Rigid adherence to these roles tends to polarize the parents into extreme positions, thereby setting up a critic-victim-rescuer cycle.  In this case the father places harsh, unrealistic demands on the child and the mother protects the child from even the normal risks required to develop competence and independence.  Another version frequently occurs in alcoholic and chaotic families, wherein one parent victimizes the other.  In this case the child attempts to fulfill the rescuer role, sacrificing his or her childhood to assume responsibility prematurely.  In severe cases of either variation, escalation to abuse and violence is possible, and imminent risk would require the intervention of authorities for protection.  Furthermore, these patterns may persist well into the offspring’s adulthood, with these well-learned roles and interactions available to be played out in other settings – including the next generation’s family.

 THE PERSISTENCE OF VICIOUS CYCLES

 Given the futility of vicious cycles, we might wonder why people stay in these downward spirals.  A basic reason is that the roles and interactions are well-learned from our family backgrounds, and we are apprehensive about trying anything new and unfamiliar.  Besides the security of the familiar, there also seems to be an innate human tendency to rework frustrating situations until we get them right.  This urge even extends to the choice of one’s spouse.  It has been observed that the overly responsible children of alcoholics often end up marrying alcoholics or similarly addicted personalities, even when they consciously try not to.  Thus, the partners tend to be well-matched in their complementary roles, which further strengthens the grip of the vicious cycle.

 Attempts to give up dysfunctional roles often pose threats to the identity upon which our self-esteem is based. Identity involves who we are not, as well as who we are.  Persons living out deeply ingrained roles often view other choices as totally alien:  “That’s just not me.”  A critic will feel comfortable expressing anger but not hurt, which is taken as a sign of weakness.  A victim will show hurt and doubt but not anger, which is seen as bad.  A rescuer will show hurt and anger for others, yet view doing so for oneself as selfish.  These definitions of self narrow the participants’ options and further lock them into their vicious cycle roles.

 FINDING THE WAY OUT

Once you recognize that you are in a vicious cycle, how can you escape it?  Actually, recognition is a major step, since stepping back to gain perspective releases you from the tunnel vision that keeps you focused on your partner’s role in the struggle.  Reflection usually shows that there is no single culprit responsible for the mess, but that each person plays a part.  This tends to counter the good vs. evil thinking that often perpetuates the struggle:  participants may blame each other and ignore their own choices, or they may attempt to relieve the distress of guilt, inadequacy, or assigned blame through some addictive or otherwise self-destructive behavior.  Gaining the perspective it takes to get yourself into the picture enables you to see the overall problem and to explore new options to resolve it.  When both partners in a vicious cycle get an overview of their dilemma, it can lead to an exciting process of mutual discovery.

 Even if only one partner were wanting to work on breaking the cycle, simply declining to participate in the vicious cycle in the usual way can help.  If Mrs. Halftrack stops complaining, the general might start assuming responsibility for his drinking, since he can no longer blame it on her nagging.  Or if he could stop drinking to relieve his distress, she might begin attending to her own loneliness.  Note that these are only possibilities, not guarantees.  You can influence others, but you cannot control them.  The paradox of influence is that it works best when you give up the illusion of control.  Thus, the most effective way out of a vicious cycle is to work on changing yourself.  Even then, it might not be enough, especially if your partner is deeply committed to his or her role.  Then, getting out of the vicious cycle may mean getting out of the relationship.

 GETTING HELP

Breaking a vicious cycle can be a truly difficult process, and support and guidance can be critical to its success.  If you are prone to vicious cycles, then your self-image will tend to be narrowly defined by your assumed role, with significant aspects of the psyche relegated to the “not me.”  Just as you require a mirror to reflect your body image, you come to see your personal self reflected in the eyes of others.  Thus, friends outside your vicious cycle can help you discover the disowned aspects of yourself that can help free you from the cycle.  Yet they may also become involved in the vicious cycle themselves, often in the rescuer role.  This usually just reinforces the narrow view of yourself defined by the vicious cycle.  It thus is important to assess their advice and support, rather than simply accepting it on blind faith.  Support groups, such as those focused around addictions and codependency, can be quite beneficial, since the members tend to be at various stages of recovery and disengagement from vicious cycles.  Psychotherapy can also be quite helpful.  While their techniques will vary according to theoretical orientation, therapists have the conceptual tools to support disengagement from vicious cycles.  Furthermore, therapists have often undergone extensive training and self-exploration to avoid getting caught up in the vicious cycles themselves in providing therapy.

 THE REWARDS:  SELF-ESTEEM AND INTIMACY

Escaping the vicious cycles offers the opportunity to expand one’s identity and to establish emotional intimacy with one’s partner.  A victim who uses her previously disowned anger to challenge her critics can become self-confident and gain the respect of others.  A rescuer who learns to advocate for herself and put her needs first can find greater satisfaction in relationships and discover her intrinsic self-worth.  A critic who admits his pain and vulnerability often finds greater acceptance from others, which helps to release him from the pressure of his own self-imposed unrealistic expectations.  Additionally, the self-defeating roles themselves can be transformed in healthier modes of relating.  A harsh critic who softens his judgmentalism can serve as an instructive mentor, guide or coach.  A rescuer who refrains from taking on others’ problems can care for others, rather than take care of them.  A victim who assumes responsibility for dealing with his problems can learn from authority figures rather than avoiding them as critics or seeking refuge through them as rescuers.  Furthermore, his expression of feelings can serve the self-disclosure required for his partners’ empathy.  When partners alternate among these various roles, then mutual support and intimacy become possible.  While breaking out of vicious cycle roles is difficult, the rewards of healthy self-esteem and enhanced intimacy are well worth the effort.

Dr. Bob Daniel is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist in private practice with Tidewater Psychotherapy Services in Virginia.

[whohit]vicious cycle patterns in relationships[/whohit]